Subspecies
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(1) Salamandra
salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758)
(2) Salamandra salamandra albanica
Gayda, 1940
(3) Salamandra salamandra
alfredschmidti Koehler et Steinfartz,
2006
(4) Salamandra salamandra almanzoris
Mueller et Hellmich, 1935
(5) Salamandra salamandra bejarae
(Wolterstorff, 1934)
(6) Salamandra salamandra bernardezi
(Wolterstorff, 1928)
(7) Salamandra salamandra beschkovi
(Obst, 1981)
(8) Salamandra salamandra carpathica
Calinescu, 1931
(9) Salamandra salamandra crespoi
Malkmus, 1983
(10) Salamandra salamandra fastuosa
(Schreiber, 1912)
(11) Salamandra salamandra gallaica
(Lopez-Seoane, 1885)
(12) Salamandra salamandra gigliolii
Eiselt et Lanza, 1956
(13) Salamandra salamandra
longirostris Joger et Steinfartz, 1994
(14) Salamandra salamandra morenica
Joger et Steinfartz, 1994
(15) Salamandra salamandra terrestris
(Bonnaterre, 1789) (not validated
name, see below)
(16) Salamandra salamandra werneri
Sochurek et Gayda, 1941
There is no agreement on the
subspecies structure of this species,
and I simply give a conservative list
of most of the taxa described so far.
Some authors regard some of the taxa
above as separate species (e.g.
almanzoris, longirostris). The status
of additional taxa from Spain is
entirely unclear and they are not
listed above (molleri, hispanica). The
status of albanica and carpathica is
debated and I list them here
provisionally.
Germany represents the area of
secondary contact between populations
that have retracted to the Iberian
peninsula and the Balcans,
respectively, during the last cold
period and have then expanded their
range again after the end of the cold
period, finally meeting roughly in the
middle of Germany. The exact location
of this contact zone, however, is not
known. This makes it extremely
difficult to determine the valid names
for the eastern and the western taxon.
Usually, they are called salamandra
and terrestris, and I use these names
in the list above, as well. However,
in the synonymy below I argue that
terrestris may not be the valid name
for the western taxon.
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Synonyms
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Germany is the
home of (at least) two subspecies. One
that invaded from the east, and the
other that invaded from the west. The
exact location of the contact zone is
unknown, and thus it is difficult to
assign published names with their
often imprecise type localities to one
of the subspecies. I have therefore
made the following general
assumptions:
a) if the type locality is in Austria
or alpine northern Italy, then this
name applies to the eastern
subspecies.
b) if the type locality is in Saxonia,
Bavaria or Thuringia, then this name
applies to the eastern subspecies.
c) if the type locality is in the
remaining German Bundesländer, then
the name applies to the western
subspecies.
d) if the type locality is in northern
France, then the name applies to the
western subspecies.
The two subspecies are currently named
salamandra (eastern) and terrestris
(western), thus I use these name here,
but also provide the alternative
names.
Synonymy of Salamandra salamandra
salamandra:
Lacerta salamandra Linnaeus, 1758
Gecko salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758)
Salamandra salamandra (Linnaeus, 1758)
Salamandra salamandra salamandra
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Type locality: Nürnberg, Germany.
Salamandra candida Laurenti, 1768
Type locality: Padova province, Italy.
Salamandra maculosa Laurenti, 1768
Type locality: Wienerwald, Northern
Austria.
Triton vulgaris Rafinesque, 1814
Type locality: replacement name for
Lacerta salamandra, thus same type
locality.
Salamandra vulgaris Cloquet, 1827
Type locality: replacement name for
Lacerta salamandra, and Salamandra
maculosa, thus same type localities.
Triton corthyphorus Leydig, 1867
Type locality: Hetzles (Bayern),
Germany.
Salamandra maculosa typica Bedriaga,
1897
Type locality: Austria.
Salamandra salamandra thuringica
Gayda, 1940
Type locality: Siebenborn, Eisenach
(Germany).
Salamandra salamandra francica
Sochurek et Gayda, 1941
Type locality: Lohr am Main, Bavaria
(Germany).
Synonymy of Salamandra salamandra
terrestris:
Salamandra terrestris Houttuyn, 1782
(nomen oblitum?)
Type locality: Quedlinburg, Germany.
Salamandra terrestris Lacepede, 1788
Salamandra salamandra terrestris
(Lacepede, 1788)
Type locality: Normandy, France.
Salamandra maculosa europaea Bedriaga,
1883
Type locality: Heidelberg (Germany).
Salamandra maculosa taeniata Duerigen,
1897
Salamandra salamandra taeniata
(Duerigen, 1897)
Type locality: Harz (Germany).
Salamandra maculosa quadrivirgata
Duerigen, 1897
Type locality: Solling (Germany).
Salamandra maculosa coccinea
Schweizerbarth, 1909
Type locality: Falkertbrunnen bei
Stuttgart (Germany).
Salamandra maculosa speciosa
Schreiber, 1912
Type locality: "Wuerttemberg"
(Germany).
Unclear names:
Salamandra terrestris Bonnaterre,
1789
Type locality: Saint-Geniez-d´Olt,
Midi-Pyrenees, France.
Salamandra maculata Merrem, 1820
Type locality: replacement name for
three older taxa (Salamandra maculosa,
Lacerta salamandra, Salamandra
terrestris), thus mixed identity.
Salamandra maculosa nigriventris
Duerigen, 1897
Type locality: "Deutschland" (=
Germany).
Salamandra moncheriana Schreiber, 1912
Type locality: not stated or selected.
Discussion: the valid epithet for the
eastern subspecies is of course
salamandra Linnaeus, 1758. The western
subspecies is more problematic: the
epithet terrestris Houttuyn, 1782 has
been dissmissed by other authors as a
nomen oblitum, and the epithet
terrestris Lacepede, 1788 has been
suppressed by the International
Commission on Zoological Nomenclature.
Therefore, most authors now attribute
the epithet "terrestris" to the next
author who has used this name, which
is Bonnaterre. However, the epithet
terrestris Bonnaterre, 1789 has been
restricted to specimens from the
Pyrenees, and this action is highly
problematic, because the Pyrenees are
home to several different subspecies
and the identity of terrestris
Bonnaterre, 1789 with one of these is
unclear. Thus, for all practically
purposes, terrestris Bonnaterre, 1789
is a nomen dubium as long as no type
specimen is selected. Thus, currently
there are three options to obtain a
valid name for the western subspecies:
(1) use the next available name, which
is Salamandra maculosa europaea
Bedriaga, 1883.
(2) revise the status of Salamandra
terrestris Houttuyn, 1782 as a nomen
oblitum by reinstating the name.
(3) select a lectotype (or neotype)
for Salamandra salamandra terrestris
Bonnaterre, 1789.
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Identification
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Distribution
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Biology
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