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Nickel, H.: The leafhoppers and planthoppers of Germany (Hemiptera, Auchenorrhyncha): patterns and strategies in a highly diverse group of phytophagous insects
Thesis University of Göttingen. 307 pp. (2002) [available as book from Pensoft Publishers, Sofia - Moscow. 460 pp. (2003)]
Book reviews:
Alma A., Mazzoglio P.J. 2004. Boll. Soc. entomol. Ital. 136: 179.
Badmin J. 2005. Brit. J. Entomol. Nat. Hist. 18: 288-289.
Bathon H. 2003. DGaaE-Nachrichten 17(4): 173-174.
Burckhardt D. 2003. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Ges. 76: 292.
Dmitriev D.A. 2006. Annls. Entomol. Soc. America 99(1): 187-188.
Emeljanov A.F. 2004. Russian Entomol. J. 13: 97-99. [pdf 55 KB]
Hamilton K.G.A. 2004. Biodiversity 5: 46-47.
Hoch H. 2003. Dtsch. entomol. Z. 50: 259-260.
Holzinger W.E. 2003. Beitr. Entomofaun. 4: 126.
Lauterer P. 2004. Eur. J. Entomol. 101: 272. [pdf 73 KB]
Schaefer M. 2004. Bas. Appl. Ecol. 5: 380-381. [pdf 39 KB]
Abstract and Contents
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Abstract
This work presents an overview of the fauna of leafhoppers and planthoppers (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha et Cicadomorpha) of Germany and their life strategies, with special reference to insect - plant relationships. The data base included the available literature and the more important museum collections, as well as extensive own material. During 12 years of field work, approximately 30,000 species records were gathered, 8,600 of which could be referred to plant species. The number of determined individuals comprised 300,000 from more than 500 localities in most parts of Germany.
Part I (sections 1 to 4) gives a short description of the study area, material and methods and of literature on identification, and brief accounts on 620 species are presented (145 Fulgoromorpha and 475 Cicadomorpha), with information on life cycle, phenology, habitat requirements (with emphasis on moisture, sun-exposure and pH), host or food plants, frequency on the host, abundance, seasonal migrations as well as geographic and altitudinal distribution. If necessary, annotations are made on taxonomic and nomenclatural uncertainties and open questions. Dubious records are omitted or discussed. Information on recent changes, notably range expansions, declines, introductions and occasional influxes, is summarized. In part II (section 5), the Auchenorrhyncha guilds on plant families are described and discussed, with further discussion of responses to resource type and plant morphology. In part III (section 6), patterns of resource utilization are described and analyzed. Major points include differences between main plant clades and families, between different vegetation layers and different plant substrates. A short overview is given on pests on cultivated plants. Further, host specificity, dispersal and life cycles are summarized and discussed.
Contents
1 |
Introduction |
1 |
2 |
Study area |
3 |
2.1 |
General remarks |
3 |
2.2 |
The north German plain |
3 |
2.3 |
The region of the Mittelgebirge |
5 |
2.4 |
The Alps, their foothills and foreland |
7 |
3 |
Material and methods |
9 |
3.1 |
Literature data |
9 |
3.2 |
Museum collections |
9 |
3.3 |
Own data |
12 |
3.4 |
Sampling deficiencies |
12 |
3.5 |
Sampling methods |
13 |
3.5.1 |
General remarks |
13 |
3.5.2 |
Quantitative methods |
14 |
3.5.3 |
Semi-quantitative methods |
15 |
3.5.4 |
Qualitative methods |
16 |
3.6 |
Literature on identification |
16 |
4 |
Review of species |
20 |
4.1 |
Fulgoromorpha Evans, 1946 - Planthoppers |
22 |
4.1.1 |
Cixiidae Spinola, 1839 |
22 |
4.1.2 |
Delphacidae Leach, 1815 |
29 |
4.1.2.1 |
Asiracinae Motschulsky, 1863 |
29 |
4.1.2.2 |
Kelisiinae W. Wagner, 1963 |
30 |
4.1.2.3 |
Stenocraninae W. Wagner, 1963 |
36 |
4.1.2.4 |
Delphacinae Leach, 1815 |
38 |
4.1.3 |
Achilidae Stål, 1866 |
64 |
4.1.4 |
Dictyopharidae Spinola, 1839 |
65 |
4.1.5 |
Tettigometridae Germar, 1821 |
65 |
4.1.6 |
Issidae Spinola, 1839 |
69 |
4.1.6.1 |
Caliscelinae Amyot & Serville, 1843 |
69 |
4.1.6.2 |
Issinae Spinola, 1839 |
69 |
4.2 |
Cicadomorpha Evans, 1946 - Leafhoppers (s.l.) |
70 |
4.2.1 |
Cicadidae Leach, 1815 (s.l.) - Cicadas |
70 |
4.2.2 |
Cercopidae Leach, 1815 - Froghoppers |
72 |
4.2.2.1 |
Cercopinae Leach, 1815 |
72 |
4.2.2.2 |
Aphrophorinae Amyot & Serville, 1843 |
74 |
4.2.3 |
Membracidae Rafinesque, 1815 - Treehoppers |
78 |
4.2.4 |
Cicadellidae Latreille, 1825 - Leafhoppers (s.str.) |
80 |
4.2.4.1 |
Ulopinae Le Peletier & Serville, 1825 |
80 |
4.2.4.2 |
Megophthalminae Kirkaldy, 1906 |
81 |
4.2.4.3 |
Ledrinae Kirschbaum, 1868 |
82 |
4.2.4.4 |
Macropsinae Evans, 1935 |
82 |
4.2.4.5 |
Agalliinae Kirkaldy, 1901 |
91 |
4.2.4.6 |
Idiocerinae Baker, 1915 |
94 |
4.2.4.7 |
Iassinae Amyot & Serville, 1843 |
101 |
4.2.4.8 |
Penthimiinae Kirschbaum, 1868 |
103 |
4.2.4.9 |
Dorycephalinae Oman, 1943 |
103 |
4.2.4.10 |
Aphrodinae Haupt, 1927 |
103 |
4.2.4.11 |
Cicadellinae Latreille, 1825 |
109 |
4.2.4.12 |
Typhlocybinae Kirschbaum, 1868 |
111 |
4.2.4.13 |
Deltocephalinae Fieber, 1869 |
163 |
4.3 |
Dubious records |
228 |
4.4 |
Short-term changes |
230 |
4.4.1 |
Declines |
230 |
4.4.2 |
Range expansions |
233 |
4.4.3 |
Introductions |
234 |
4.4.4 |
Occasional influxes |
235 |
4.5 |
General remarks on the German Auchenorrhyncha fauna |
235 |
5 |
Utilization of plant resources |
237 |
5.1 |
Plant taxa |
237 |
5.1.1 |
General remarks and problems |
237 |
5.1.2 |
Plant groups and their associated Auchenorrhyncha guilds |
242 |
5.1.2.1 |
Pteridophyta |
242 |
5.1.2.2 |
Gymnospermae |
244 |
5.1.2.3 |
Ranunculaceae |
246 |
5.1.2.4 |
Ulmaceae |
246 |
5.1.2.5 |
Urticaceae |
248 |
5.1.2.6 |
Fagaceae |
250 |
5.1.2.7 |
Betulaceae (incl. Corylaceae) |
253 |
5.1.2.8 |
Tiliaceae |
257 |
5.1.2.9 |
Salicaceae |
258 |
5.1.2.10 |
Ericaceae |
262 |
5.1.2.11 |
Rosaceae |
264 |
5.1.2.12 |
Fabaceae |
273 |
5.1.2.13 |
Aceraceae |
275 |
5.1.2.14 |
Apiaceae |
276 |
5.1.2.15 |
Lamiaceae |
277 |
5.1.2.16 |
Asteraceae |
279 |
5.1.2.17 |
Juncaceae |
284 |
5.1.2.18 |
Cyperaceae |
284 |
5.1.2.19 |
Poaceae |
294 |
5.1.2.20 |
Further plant groups |
322 |
5.1.3 |
Differences between plant taxa |
329 |
5.1.3.1 |
Major plant clades |
329 |
5.1.3.2 |
Plant families |
331 |
5.2 |
General conclusions on food plant choice |
338 |
5.3 |
Stratification and plant architecture |
340 |
5.4 |
Utilized substrates |
344 |
5.4.1 |
Phloem |
345 |
5.4.2 |
Xylem |
345 |
5.4.3 |
Mesophyll |
348 |
5.4.4 |
Fungi |
349 |
5.5 |
Pests on cultivated plants |
350 |
6 |
Life strategies |
352 |
6.1 |
Host specificity and its possible causes |
352 |
6.1.1 |
Diet width in Auchenorrhyncha |
352 |
6.1.2 |
Plant apparency |
355 |
6.1.3 |
Plant diversity |
357 |
6.1.4 |
Plant defence |
358 |
6.1.5 |
Nitrogen |
361 |
6.1.6 |
Interspecific competition |
361 |
6.1.7 |
Resource predictability |
365 |
6.1.8 |
Neural constraints |
365 |
6.1.9 |
Regional monophagy |
365 |
6.1.10 |
Endophytic fungi |
366 |
6.2 |
Dispersal |
366 |
6.2.1 |
Wing length |
366 |
6.2.2 |
Migration |
369 |
6.2.3 |
Colonization |
372 |
6.3 |
Life cycle |
374 |
6.3.1 |
Voltinism |
374 |
6.3.2 |
Dormancy |
377 |
7 |
Summary |
381 |
8 |
References |
385
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Appendix |
430 |
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Index of Auchenorrhyncha genera and species |
430
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Index and vernacular names of plants |
442
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Acknowledgements |
459
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