Rana esculenta
Linnaeus, 1758 (name for a hybrid
between Pelophylax lessonae and
Pelophylax ridibundus; see note below)
Ranaria esculenta (Linnaeus, 1758)
Pelophylax esculentus (Linnaeus,
1758)
Rana viridis Linnaeus, 1761 (name for
a hybrid between Pelophylax lessonae
and Pelophylax ridibundus)
Rana esculenta viridis (Linnaeus,
1761)
Rana ridibunda Pallas, 1771
Rana ridibunda ridibunda Pallas,
1771
Hylarana ridibunda (Pallas, 1771)
Baliopygus ridibundus (Pallas, 1771)
Pelophylax ridibundus (Pallas, 1771)
Pelophylax ridibunda (Pallas, 1771)
Bufo ridibundus (Pallas, 1771)
Rana esculenta ridibunda (Pallas,
1771)
Rana vulgaris Lacepede, 1788
(replacement name for Rana esculenta
Linnaeus, 1758)
Rana gigas Gmelin, 1789 (nec Walbaum,
1784, junior primary homonym, not
available)
Rana persica Schneider, 1799
Rana cachinnans Pallas, 1814
Bufo cachinnans (Pallas, 1814)
Rana esculenta cachinnans (Pallas,
1814)
Rana caucasica Pallas, 1814
Bufo caucasicus (Pallas, 1814)
Rana bufoides Gueldenstaedt (in
Pallas), 1814 (in synonymy, not
available)
Rana alpina Fitzinger, 1826 (nec
Laurenti, 1768) (nomen nudum, not
available; probably a name for a
hybrid between Pelophylax lessonae and
Pelophylax ridibundus)
Rana esculenta alpina (Fitzinger,
1826)
Rana hispanica Fitzinger, 1826 (nomen
nudum, not available; could also be
identical to Pelophylax perezi)
Rana maritima Risso, 1826 (nomen
dubium; probably a name for a hybrid
between Pelophylax lessonae and
Pelophylax ridibundus)
Rana bosci Bory de Saint-Vincent, 1828
(nomen dubium; rejected by ICZN;
probably a name for a hybrid between
Pelophylax lessonae and Pelophylax
ridibundus)
Rana viridis Eichwald, 1830 (nec
Linnaeus, 1761, neque Dumeril et
Bibron, 1841, neque Bedriaga, 1883)
(nomen nudum, not available)
Rana esculenta tigrina Eichwald, 1831
(nec Merrem, 1820 (lapsus pro Rana
tigerina Linnaeus, 1758))
Rana dentex Krynicki, 1837
Rana hispanica Bonaparte, 1839 (nec
Fitzinger, 1826) (nomen dubium;
probably a name for a hybrid between
Pelophylax lessonae and Pelophylax
ridibundus)
Rana esculenta hispanica (Bonaparte,
1839)
Pelophylax hispanicus (Bonaparte,
1839)
Rana taurica Bonaparte, 1840
(published in synonymy, as a synonym
of Rana esculenta Linnaeus, 1758, not
available)
Rana fluviatilis Bonaparte, 1840
(nomen dubium; probably a name for a
hybrid between Pelophylax lessonae and
Pelophylax ridibundus)
Rana viridis Dumeril et Bibron, 1841
(nec Linnaeus, 1761, neque Eichwald,
1830, neque Bedriaga, 1883) (described
in synonymy, not available)
Rana esculenta lineata Massalongo,
1854 (nomen dubium; probably a name
for a hybrid between Pelophylax
lessonae and Pelophylax ridibundus)
(nec Schneider, 1799)
Rana esculenta vulgaris Massalongo,
1854 (nomen dubium; probably a name
for a hybrid between Pelophylax
lessonae and Pelophylax ridibundus)
(nec Lacepede, 1788)
Rana esculenta roseovirescens
Massalongo, 1854 (nomen dubium;
probably a name for a hybrid between
Pelophylax lessonae and Pelophylax
ridibundus)
Rana esculenta marmorata Massalongo,
1854 (nomen dubium; probably a name
for a hybrid between Pelophylax
lessonae and Pelophylax ridibundus)
Rana agrorum Gistel, 1868 (nomen
dubium; probably a name for a hybrid
between Pelophylax lessonae and
Pelophylax ridibundus)
Rana esculenta viridis Bedriaga, 1883
(nec Linnaeus, 1761, neque Eichwald,
1830, neque Dumeril et Bibron, 1841)
(nomen dubium; could also be a synonym
of Pelophylax lessonae)
Rana fortis Boulenger, 1884
Rana esculenta maxima Prazak, 1898
Rana esculenta nigromaculata Prazak,
1898 (nec Hallowell, 1861)
Rana esculenta concolor Prazak, 1898
(nomen dubium; probably a name for a
hybrid between Pelophylax lessonae and
Pelophylax ridibundus)
Rana esculenta immaculata Prazak, 1898
(nec Camerano, 1884) (nomen dubium;
probably a name for a hybrid between
Pelophylax lessonae and Pelophylax
ridibundus)
Rana esculenta grisescens Prazak, 1898
(nomen dubium; probably a name for a
hybrid between Pelophylax lessonae and
Pelophylax ridibundus)
Rana esculenta paulopunctata Prazak,
1898 (nomen dubium; probably a name
for a hybrid between Pelophylax
lessonae and Pelophylax ridibundus)
Rana esculenta rubiginosa Prazak, 1898
(nomen dubium; probably a name for a
hybrid between Pelophylax lessonae and
Pelophylax ridibundus)
Rana esculenta susana Prazak, 1898
Rana susana (Prazak, 1898)
Rana florinskii Kashchenko et Sipacev,
1913
Rana mangischlakensis Ahl, 1925
Rana esculenta hungarica Toutain, 1966
(nomen nudum, not available; could
also be a synonym of Pelophylax
lessonae)
Rana grafi Crochet, Dubois, Ohler,
Turner, 1995 (name for a hybrid
between Pelophylax perezi and
Pelophylax ridibundus)
Rana esculenta lessonai auct.
(misspelling)
Note: the present species is well
known for the fact that it frequently
hybridizes with two other water frog
species, Pelophylax lessonae and
Pelophylax perezi. According to the
nomenclatural rules names given to
hybrid specimens are excluded from
nomenclature, but names given to
species originated by hybrid
speciation are not excluded from
nomenclature. This distinction is
important, because many names were
given to hybrid specimens: e.g. the
oldest name is Rana esculenta, and
this has been given to a hybrid
specimen. Most of the hybrid specimens
occur in areas where one or both
parental species are present, and thus
originate by matings between the
parental species, or by mating of the
hybrid with one of the parental
species. Thus, the hybrid specimens
always originate de novo via crossings
and therefore are typical hybrid
specimens that cannot receive
scientific names. However, there are
also reports of stable "hybrid
populations" that persist without
back-crossing with their parental
species. Unfortunately, these
populations have not yet been fully
studied and their true nature is
therefore still uncertain. These
populations would indeed qualify as
new species originated by hybrid
speciation and specimens of these
populations could indeed serve as
types for nomenclature. What
consequences does this have for
nomenclature? The non-hybrid species
would of course retain their names,
i.e. Pelophylax ridibundus, Pelophylax
lessonae, and Pelophylax perezi (which
does not occur in Germany), because
these names are the oldest
non-preoccupied names given to
undoubtedly non-hybrid specimens. The
self-sustaining hybrid populations (if
they can be confirmed) have each
evolved independently by hybrid
speciation and thus cannot be "lumped"
into a single "hybrid species".
Rather, each of these populations has
its own origin and thus is a true
species of its own. Therefore, each
stable hybrid population has to
receive its own scientific binominal
name and all of the names above that
have been given to hybrid specimens
have to be revised whether they may
apply to one of these species.
Currently, the nature of the seemingly
self-sustaining hybrid populations is
unclear and their status and names
cannot currently be revised.
Therefore, for the time being, I
consider all names given to hybrids as
excluded from zoological nomenclature.
These names are listed here in the
synonymy.
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