Papilio phoebus Fischer de Waldheim, 1798 (nec Fabricius, 1793; junior primary homonym)
Papilio delius Esper, 1804 (nec Drury, 1782; junior primary homonym)
Parnassius delius (Esper, 1804)
Parnassius phoebus sacerdos Stichel, 1906 (p. 86)
Parnassius sacerdos (Stichel, 1906)
Parnassius phoebus auct. nec Fabricius, 1793 (misidentification, see below)

This species was previously regarded as part of a holarctic "Parnassius phoebus Fabricius, 1793". Hanus and Theye (2010) have conducted a very detailed nomenclatural study and have demonstrated that the original name Papilio phoebus of Fabricius (1793) actually refers to a different species that is currently called Parnassius ariadne and is restricted to Central Asia. Hanus and Theye also argue that the holarctic "species" previously erroneously named "Parnassius phoebus" is actually a species complex comprising 1 Asian, 1 European and 2 American species. This leads to significant nomenclatural changes: the Central Asian species hitherto known as Parnassius ariadne must now be called Parnassius phoebus, while the species hitherto called Parnassius phoebus is divided into 4 separate species named Parnassius corybas (for the Asian species), Parnassius smintheus and Parnassius behrii (for the two American species) and Parnassius sacerdos (for the European species). The name "Parnassius phoebus" thus "moves" from one species to another species and this might lead to significant confusion for persons not aware of this nomenclatural change. Balletto and Bonelli (2014) have therefore appealed to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to take several nomenclatural actions to preserve the use of "Parnassius phoebus" for the holarctic species(-complex) and "Parnassius ariadne" for the Central Asian species. However, this has been rejected by the Commission (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 2017).

Parnassius sacerdos has actually been described several times before, but all of these names are preoccupied: the oldest name is actually Papilio phoebus Fischer de Waldheim, 1798, but this is of course a junior primary homonym of Papilio phoebus described by Fabricius (1793). And Papilio delius Esper, 1804 is a junior primary homonym of Papilio delius Drury, 1782 (a species currently in the genus Antanartia). The oldest available and not invalid name is the nominal Parnassius phoebus sacerdos coined by Stichel (1906) as a new replacement name for the preoccupied Papilio delius. 

Additional German name: Alpenapollo.